Scientific Research Skills - Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Scientific Research Skills - Project - Essay Example Social media has immensely influenced individuals and their behaviors. The recent researchers claim that the excessive social media is becoming a major issue and leading to addictive behaviors and negative impacts on cognitive development and mental health among adult and children. O’Keeffe and Pearson in their study analyze the impacts of social media on individuals. The main objective of the research is to determine the impacts of social media on mental health of individuals. The findings of the research show that the excessive use of social media is leading to unhealthy and addictive behaviors among individuals, such as sexing, alcohol, pornography etc. In addition, the findings show that excessive use of social media is casting negative impacts on the cognitive development and academic performance of individual (OKeeffe & Pearson, 2011). In the similar fashion, Kuss & Griffith (2011) in their study cliam that the use of excessive social networking (facebook) is leading to negative impact on the academic performance of individuals as well as leading to variety of activities that have potential addictive behavior (Kuss & Griffiths, 2011). Some of the researcher claims that the media content on the social websites is creating anxiety among individuals as social media portray a different aspect of the live. Fischer et al (2011) in the study determine quantity of media contents that is leading to risk-taking behaviors among individuals, such as extreme sports, violence and drinking. In order to conduct the study quantities research approach. Meta analysis was connected to determine the relationship between the media contents and its impact on individual behaviors. The findings of the study highlights that there is strong relation between media content and risk taking behaviors of individuals (Fischer, Greitemeyer, Kastenmà ¼ller, Vogrincic, & Sauer, 2011). Villanti et al (2011) in the study focuses on

Cryptography: Types, Methods and Uses

Cryptography: Types, Methods and Uses CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction to Cryptography Cryptography is art of writing and reading the secret information. It is used to send the information between the various participants. It can be used in such a manner so that it could not be seen by the others. Cryptography is used to prevent the information from the attacker. It provides various services as : Integrity checking Authentication Confidentiality In case of integrity checking recipient thinks that the message is alter by the third party or attacker. Hence the user assures the recipient that the message has not been altered by any other source. In case of authentication the identity of the person is check by the user. The user verifies the identity of the person and handle over the right to use the particular data. In case of confidentiality the attacker watch the data carefully when it send from user to recipient. The third party can’t change the data. The message which is in the original form is known as the plaintext. The user encrypted the message before sending to the recipient is known as cipher text. When the cipher text is produces from plaintext, this process is known as encryption. [1]. The reverse process of encryption is called decryption. In the cryptographic systems an algorithm and a key is used. The key is known as the secret value. Cryptography is a field of computer networks which transforms (encrypts) the information (plain text) into an unreadable form (cipher text). And this cipher text can be decrypted only with the help of a secret key. Cryptography acts as a method of keeping the information secret. Cryptography protects the information by using mathematics in science. Electronic security is a major issue as various forms of electronic media and internet are becoming more prevalent. Cryptography is used to secure the data and to prevent the data from various attacks. Cryptography is necessary when communicating over any un-trusted medium. Authentication, digital signatures, e-commerce are major applications of cryptography. Generally in the cryptographic systems it can broadly classified into two systems. Symmetric key systems. Public key systems. In the symmetric key cryptography, single key is used for the encryption and the decryption purpose. The same key is used at the sender and the recipient side. On the other hand, in case of public key system, two types of keys are required. One is the public key and other one is the private key. Public key is known to all but the private key is known only to the recipient of messages uses. One of the techniques used in Cryptography is known as the visual cryptography. It is a cryptographic technique, which allows visual information to encrypt. The data is encrypted in such a way that decryption becomes a mechanical operation. For these kinds of operations computer is not required. Earlier the developers used visual secret sharing scheme. In this scheme the image was broken into many parts. The third party thinks that all these parts are used to decrypt the image. But the n − 1 parts of the image revealed no information about the original image. In this technique each part has its separate transparency. The decryption is performed by overlaying the parts. When all the parts were overlaid, then the original image would appear. Cryptogra phy is the technique, which is used to protect the information from the external viewers. It plays a vital role in security. The public key encryption and decryption is one of the most important types of cryptography. In public key cryptography the key should be unique. There are two ways of key production. The first one is mathematical like AES, DES and the other one is based on the theory of natural selection. The multimedia technology plays an important role in our society. In this case the digital images play a very important role. The digital images are used to fulfil the security and privacy in various applications. Encryption of image plays a very important role; it helps to save the image from the unauthorized attack. Many solutions are providing to save this image; one of the techniques is mask the image data. For the encryption purpose many algorithms are required, such as [2] : DES AES RSA Broadly, Cryptographic systems provide us three types of cryptographic algorithms namely, Secret Key Cryptography (SKC), Public Key Cryptography (PKC) and Hash Functions [3]. The Secret Key Cryptography (SKC) uses a single (same) key for the process of encryption and decryption. The most commonly SKC algorithms used now-a-days include: 1.2 Data Encryption Standard (DES) It was designed in 1970’s by IBM and was ratified in 1977 by the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) for commercial use. It is a block cipher that operates on 64-bit blocks employing a 56-bit key and 16 rounds [4]. Although DES has been around long back but no real weakness has been identified. The biggest disadvantage of DES is the 56 bit key size. 1.3 Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) It was designed by Vincent Rijmen and Joan Daemen and was introduced in 1998. The algorithm can use fickle key length and block length. The key length can include 128, 192, or 256 bits and block length can be of 128, 192, or 256 bits [5].AES is a highly efficient and secure algorithm. The drawback lies in its processing as it requires more processing. 1.4 Rivest Cipher (RC) Ronald Rivest developed this algorithm and thus, the name of the algorithm was put after Ronald’s Rivest name. It provides a series of RC algorithms including RC1, RC2, RC3, RC4, RC5 and RC6 [6]. 1.5 Blowfish It was developed by Bruce Schneie and was first published in the year 1993. This block cipher has 8 rounds, having the block size is of 64 bits and the key length can vary from 32 to 448 bits. Blowfish was proposed as a substitute was DES [7]. This algorithm is significantly faster than other algorithms and the key strength is excellent. Blowfish algorithm is apt only for applications where the key mostly remains the same. The Public Key Cryptography (PKC) uses one (public) key for encryption and another (private) key for decryption. The PKC algorithms that are in use today are: 1.6 RSA The RSA algorithm was publicly described in 1977 by Ron Rivest,Adi Shamir, and Leonard Adleman at MIT; the letters RSA are the initials of their surnames, listed in the same order as on the paper. RSA is a cryptosystem, which is known as one of the first practicable public-key cryptosystems and is widely used for secure data transmission. In such a cryptosystem, the encryption key is public and differs from the decryption key which is kept secret. In RSA, this asymmetry is based on the practical difficulty of factoring the product of two large prime numbers, the factoring problem. RSA stands for Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir and Leonard Adleman, who first publicly described the algorithm in 1977. Clifford Cocks, an English mathematician, had developed an equivalent system in 1973, but it wasnt declassified until 1997. A user of RSA creates and then publishes the product of two large prime numbers, along with an auxiliary value, as their public key. The prime factors must be kept secret. Anyone can use the public key to encrypt a message, but with currently published methods, if the public key is large enough, only someone with knowledge of the prime factors can feasibly decode the message. Breaking RSA encryption is known as the RSA problem. It is an open question whether it is as hard as the factoring problem. The system includes a communications channel coupled to at least one terminal having an encoding device and to at least one terminal having a decoding device. A message-to be- transferred is enciphered to cipher text at the encoding terminal by encoding the message as a number M in a predetermined set. That number is then raised to a first predetermined power (associated with the intended receiver) and finally computed. The remainder or residue, C, is computed when the exponentiated number is divided by the product of two predetermined prime numbers (associated with the intended receiver). Operation of RSA The RSA algorithm involves three steps: Key Generation Encryption Decryption. 1.6.1 Key Generation RSA involves a public key and a private key. The public key can be known by everyone and is used for encrypting messages. Messages encrypted with the public key can only be decrypted in a reasonable amount of time using the private key. The keys for the RSA algorithm are generated the following way: Choose two distinct prime numbers p and q. For security purposes, the integers p and q should be chosen at random, and should be of similar bit-length. Prime integers can be efficiently found using a primarily test. Compute n = pq.n is used as the modulus for both the public and private keys. Its length, usually expressed in bits, is the key length. Compute φ(n) = φ(p)φ(q) = (p − 1)(q − 1), where φ is Eulers totient function Choose an integer e such that 1 e is released as the public key exponent. e having a short bit-length and small Hamming weight results in more efficient encryption – most commonly 216 + 1 = 65,537. However, much smaller values of (such as 3) have been shown to be less secure in some settings. Determine d as d ≠¡ e−1 (mod φ(n)); i.e., d is the multiplicative inverse of e (modulo φ(n)). This is more clearly stated as: solve for d given d.e ≠¡ 1 (mod φ(n)) This is often computed using the extended Euclidean algorithm. Using the pseudo code in the Modular integers section, inputs a and n correspond to e and (n), respectively. d is kept as the private key exponent. The public key consists of the modulus n and the public (or encryption) exponent e. The private key consists of the modulus n and the private (or decryption) exponent d, which must be kept secret. p, q, and φ(n) must also be kept secret because they can be used to calculate d. 1.6.2 Encryption A transmits her public key (n, e) to B and keeps the private key secret. B then wishes to send message M to A. He first turns M into an integer m, such that 0 _ m by using an agreed-upon reversible protocol known as a padding scheme. He then computes the ciphertext c corresponding to c = memod(n) 1.6.3 Decryption We can recover message m from c by using her private key exponent d via computing Given m, we can recover the original message M by reversing the padding scheme.(In practice, there are more efficient methods of calculating cd using the precomputed values below.) 1.7 Enhanced RSA The RSA algorithm based on the variable N which consisting of multiplying each of the P and q, which are relying on that of where to find the variable d, as the variable d is, hence the higher value of n. The variable d increases its size, the higher value of p and q the value of d increases, which means that the algorithm depends entirely on the adoption of the prime numbers because they generate a key d, depending on p and q are already primes numbers. The weaknesses of RSA algorithm when we use two prime’s number are the following points which are used to break the algorithm in most cases. These weaknesses are: (a) Small encryption exponent, if you use a small exponent like e=3 and send the same message to different recipients. (b) Using the same key for encryption and signing. (c) Acting as an oracle: there are techniques to recover the plaintext if a user just blindly returns the RSA transformation of the input. The idea of the new approach is, instead of using two primes numbers to generate a public key and private key, we use three primes numbers with reduced size, generates the variable N Large and the process of analysis of the factors is more difficult than the original algorithm, as well as, increases the ease of generating Public key and private key. The key strength of the RSA depends on the two prime numbers p and q. The process of factorizing of n will lead to gain the values of p and q. It is much easier to find two numbers from factoring n than finding the value of three numbers from n. In this case it is very difficult for the intruder to find the three values from factoring n. 1.7.1 Key Generation in Enhanced RSA (a) Choose three distinct prime numbers p, q and s. (b) Find n such that n = p*q*s.n will be used as the modulus for both the public and private keys. (c) Find the Phi of n, à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¹ (n) = (p-1)(q-1)(s-1). (d) Choose an e such that 1 (e) Determine d which satisfies the congruence relation d*eà ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ º 1(modà ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¹(n)) In other words, pick d such that de 1 can be evenly divided by (p- 1)(q-1)(s-1), the Phi, or à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¹(n).This is often computed using the Extended Euclidean Algorithm, since e and à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¹(n) are relatively prime and d is to be the modular multiplicative inverse of e*d is kept as the private key exponent. The public key has modulus n and the public (or encryption) exponent e. The private key has modulus n and the private (or decryption) exponent d, which is kept secret .The encryption equation is c à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¹ me (mod n) and the decryption one is m à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ º cd (mod n). 1.8 Diffie Hellman This algorithm was introduced in1976 by Diffie-Hellman. The Diffie-Hellman algorithm grants two users to establish a shared secret key and to communicate over an insecure communication channel [10]. One way authentication is free with this type of algorithm. The biggest limitation of this kind of algorithm is communication made using this algorithm is itself vulnerable to man in the middle attack [11]. Diffie–Hellman establishes a shared secret that can be used for secret communications while exchanging data over a public network. The following diagram illustrates the general idea of the key exchange by using colors instead of a very large number. The crucial part of the process is that Aand B exchange their secret colors in a mix only. Finally this generates an identical key that is mathematically difficult (impossible for modern supercomputers to do in a reasonable amount of time) to reverse for another party that might have been listening in on them. A and B now use this co mmon secret to encrypt and decrypt their sent and received data. Note that the starting color (yellow) is arbitrary, but is agreed on in advance by A and B. The starting color is assumed to be known to any eavesdropping opponent. It may even be public. 1.8.1 Explanation including encryption mathematics The simplest and the original implementation of the protocol uses the multiplicative group of integers modulo p, where p is prime and g is primitive root mod p. Here is an example of the protocol, with nonsecret values in blue, and secret values in red. Small integers are used for clarity, but actual implementations require using much larger numbers to achieve security. Fig 1.1 Process of Diffie Hellman 1. p = 23 and base g = 5. 2. A chooses a secret integer a = 6, then sends B A = ga mod p A = 56 mod 23 A = 15,625 mod 23 A = 8 3. B chooses a secret integer b = 15, then sends A B = gb mod p B = 515 mod 23 B = 30,517,578,125 mod 23 B = 19 4. A computes s = Ba mod p s = 196 mod 23 s = 47,045,881 mod 23 s = 2 5. Bob computes s = Ab mod p s = 815 mod 23 s = 35,184,372,088,832 mod 23 s = 2 6. A and B now share a secret (the number 2) because 6 Ãâ€" 15 is the same as 15 Ãâ€" 6. Both A and B have arrived at the same value, because (ga)b and (gb)a are equal mod p. Note that only a, b, and (gab gba mod p) are kept secret. All the other values – p, g, ga mod p, and gb mod p – are sent in the clear. Once A and B compute the shared secret they can use it as an encryption key, known only to them, for sending messages across the same open communications channel. Of course, much larger values of a, b, and p would be needed to make this example secure, since there are only 23 possible results of n mod 23. However, if p is a prime of at least 300 digits, and a and b are at least 100 digits long, then even the fastest modern computers cannot find a given only g, p, gb mod p and g amod p. The problem such a computer needs to solve is called the discrete logarithm problem. 1.9 El-Gamal It was developed in the year 1984 by Taher Elgamal. It is an asymmetric key algorithm and is based on Diffie-Hellman key exchange. ElGamal encryption can be described over anycyclic groupG. The security relies upon the issue of a problem inGrelated to computing discrete logarithms [12]. Fast generalized encryption for long messages and data expansion rate are the two biggest advantages of this algorithm [13]. The chief drawback of ElGamal is the requirement for randomness and its slower speed [14]. ElGamal encryption can be defined over any cyclic group G. Its security depends upon the difficulty of a certain problem in G related to computing discrete logarithms. The Algorithm ElGamal encryption consists of three components: the key generator, the encryption algorithm, and the decryption algorithm. 1.9.1 Key Generation The key generator works as follows: It generates an efficient description of a multiplicative cyclic group G of order q with generator g. Sender chooses a random x from (1,†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦q-1) He computes h= gx A publishes h , along with the description of G,q,g , as her public key. He retains x as her private key which must be kept secret. Fig 1.2 El-Gamal Algorithm 1.9.2 Example of El-Gamal Algorithm: Fig 1.3 Example of El-Gamal Algorithm. Hash Functions, also known as message digest, are the algorithms that do not use any key. Based upon the plain text, a fixed length hash value is generated.Hash algorithms that are commonly used today include: 1.10 Message Digest (MD) algorithms It produces a hash value of 128 bit from an arbitrary length message. The MD series includes MD2, MD4 and MD5 [11]. 1.10.1 MD5 algorithm The MD5 algorithm was developed by Rivest in 1991 and is an extension of the MD4 message-digest algorithm and is bit slower than MD4. This algorithm results in a 128 bit hash value. It is mostly used in security based applications. MD5 is more secure than MD4 [15]. It is suitable to use for standard file verifications but it has some flaws and therefore, it is not useful for advanced encryption applications [16].

Admissions Essay: The Study of Medicine :: Medicine College Admissions Essays

Admissions Essay: I Intend to Pursue the Study of Medicine "The best prize life offers if the chance to work hard at work worth doing."(1) This is the premise on which my academic and career aspirations are based. The goals that I have chosen are those that will benefit others and enhance my growth by requiring me to face challenges successfully. Most importantly, my goals are all things that I will love doing, and any positive goal that a person has her heart in is work worth doing. My primary academic interest is molecular biology, specifically genetics. I first became interested in this field while reading scientific articles on DNA Fingerprinting and genetic research. I have also probed the ethical debate that recent advancements in genetic engineering have spawned. My reading has inspired me to pursue the study of genetics in college. It is a field that will not only require me to think scientifically, but will also challenge me to harmonize my studies with my ethical values. I know that genetics is a field for which I have strong potential. As an undergraduate, I look forward to researching the causes of aging and learning to develop preventive medicines by studying the maps of the human genome. A strong background in molecular biology will help me to reach my professional goal of being a doctor of medicine. A successful career is based on a strong desire to pursue the career and a clear understanding of what it entail. I was fortunate to have the opportunity to experience the medical profession first-hand when I shadowed an oncologist early in my senior year. My observation day went as I had expected until a patient with swollen eyes and a handful of crumpled tissues came in with an emergency appointment. Terminally ill, she had contemplated suicide the weekend before and needed someone to talk to. From this experience, I learned that being a doctor would require me to do more than heal patients physically. It would require me to put in the extra effort to deal aptly with situations that were incurable with a stethoscope and a prescription. The experience gave me an extra edge by giving me confidence in my career choice and a full understanding of what my goals entailed. In high school, I have selected many activities with my career choice in mind.

Political PR essay

This practice is useful to inform customers, investors, employees and stakeholders about the products and the political changes and its relevant information. Advertising is part of Public relation Practices through which the message is conveyed about the product to the customer. In media, the mark is only the viewers (Bannered, 2001 In public relation vocation it is significant to know the designing of the communication; through this the PR knows how to write the speech for the company head for the conference held in the public and for the organizations speaker.Political Participation issue The difficulty of unconcerned political participation can be abstracted as equally a source and as a result of lots of the appraisals of democratic ileitis. Public relations practice is ordinarily seen as an ill-disposed methodology described by rivalry, clash, and force battles among chosen delegates. The manifestation of agent majority rule government is regularly joined with a thought of nation al political support that principally incorporates voting in races.In its available structure, on the other hand, agent majority rule government regularly prompts choices â€Å"for the numerous being made by a couple of† that incidentally (or not) under-speak to minority (race, class, sex, and so on. ) investments. The majority of Public relation refashions experience the heave of two essentially diverse advances to public relation practices.One is derived from the marketing philosophy of the private segment; moreover the further stays to the conventional perception of the PR (Public relations) practices like a district record, information warehouse, plus foundation stone of democracy. Assessment of Public relation professionals undertaking declarations substantiates that, whereas most Public relation practices operate someplace among these two limits, hardly any have the same opinion on the clear-cut principle of the Public elation practices (De Button, 1997).An alternate di scussion liberated declaration of thoughts- urban PR-?in case, its democratic character had been tested by the relentless infringement of personal investments in the past public coliseums plus with the wish of the public for forbidden and protected relations. Stashers characterizes PR as â€Å"a situation for level headed discussion, the activity of civil rights as residents, and a relation in which the individuals of various foundations are able to take care as an issue† (Stashers & Thompson, 1997).Genuine PR likewise possesses a soaring level of charge f the user, and is not eased by company or management impedance. The decay of public relations is capable of being followed to similar overall patterns like government rationalizing development of communal force, and the data plus correspondence engineering upheaval. Monetarily strapped urban areas can't stand to keep up public conveniences, for example, stops, and reach rely on upon the private segment to load the crevice. C ommunity squares and shopping centre are in fact PR nevertheless they assimilate with the personal domain. People encompass the right to bar some parts Of inversion with the community. Individuals are greeted provided they are operational, shopping, or consuming there, yet utilization of this kind of liberty isn't a privilege, however a benefit. The prerequisite that this kind of relations is together productive and safe has prompted an interest for aggregate administration and illicit conduct, which blocks biased movement and demoralizes the public measurement of the gap (Midshipman, 1999).It additionally estranges plus debilitates a feeling of having a relation as well as group for huge fragments of civilization. Our expanding inclination for retention and safekeeping â€Å"decreases communal communication as well as differing qualities, but in light of the fact that outsiders of contrasting ages, classes, traditions, sexual orientations, and beliefs have a smaller amount of chan ce to blend in the identical substantial relations† (Luckier & Hopkins, 2002). The trouncing of municipal liberty and the consequential absence Of uncased communal relation is harming to a democracy.In what capacity would people be able to create resistance and acknowledgement of contrast in an inexorably different society without procurement of relationship alluding for democratic mixing? In what capacity will the public erudite domain be managed and created if there are no physical relations to help it? These are discriminating concerns during a time of fast changes in electronic correspondence, capable weights towards customer independence, and expanding aberrations in riches and right to use the data (Greenshank & Workpeople, 1995).Listening to the conclusions of others, paying attention to knowledgeable, expressive presenters on different communal and political fears, exposing our perspectives in a community discussion this eye-to-eye operation powers people in assuming l iability intended for their assumptions, as well as to stick to guidelines of common conduct. By taking part completely in these exercises, people set up their personalities to settle on educated decisions regarding which they choose, what they help, and how they help communal pondering. Communal existence is delivered moreover replicated by communal practices that become known in particular spots public talk with the public relations is positively a kind of those persisting as well as fruitful community practices† (Luckier & Hopkins, 2002). It possesses uncommon intending to its clients, who embrace â€Å"a profound feeling of spot connection: this kind of relations is a piece of their group, some piece of their communal and social structure†.Public relations give safe relationship to free public dialog they â€Å"scatter data so the community can take part in the procedures of administration they are like social occasion places for the group to impart investments and issues In due course, talk among educated natives guarantees common society. This guarantees the flexibility to peruse, to inspect, converse, moreover to partake† (Crania, 2001). Public discourse can enhance as opposed to just occupy us since existence.Since governments keep away from their democratic based obligation to give the relations that form a genuine public domain and like amendments to innovation and data conveyance both section the public domain plus utmost public talk, Pros-?fair, available, constructive, and sustaining can stride into give the spot to group cooperation that reasoning individuals long for. A pledge by public relations to hand out this key part of just life will require a lobbyist, instead of impartial, political standpoint and a reconsidering of these raciest' undertaking.Nationality in addition to â€Å"The Public† in Public Relationships A powerful democracy is established in great citizenship. Citizenship qualifies one for taking part in community issues and chooses the destiny of the group, moreover it supposes ability to maintain the public relationships where these political and communal concerns are examined and determined (Stashers & Thompson, 1997). In antiquated Greek culture, governmental issues were concerned with organization as well as â€Å"with teaching the native as an issue being which created the ability to do something in the communal concern† (Booking, 1987).Nationality obliged an imaginative incorporation of the single person into his surroundings, requesting a basic personality and a solid feeling of obligation. The Athenians accepted that brilliance in public living was as critical to one's nature advancement as greatness in personal life, and a resident ought to be there as an advantage for general public, group, as well as his relations and companions (for all time â€Å"his,† lamentably; Athenian residency prohibited ladies) (Booking, 1987).Habeas abstracted two different plane ts in present day society and guessed that the framework focused around the emends of matter generation progressively meddles with and misshapes the informative action in which the quest for learning and moral comprehension happens (the life humanity) (Barrater 1991). His hypothesis is supported as community circle exercises are debarred as of popularized public relationships. In shopping centre, some indication of opinionated action distributing handouts, political exchanges and addresses, voter enrolment can prompt the removal of the individuals included.Lawful difficulties to these activities of shopping centre holders have once in a while been fruitful (Bannered, 2001). A lot of people supposed â€Å"public† relation zones, for example, shopping Centre confront the meaning Of who comprises â€Å"the public. † These areas are frequently devised situations that â€Å"make a dream of public territory, from which the dangers and vulnerabilities of ordinary life are de liberately altered out† (Bannered). The â€Å"dangers† may incorporate individuals, for example, beggars, the metropolitan poor, the down-and-out, youth, and non-traditionalists of different hoops.In People's Park in Berkeley, on â€Å"The mount† in stone, in Vancouver, in Los Angels, and in Manhattans South Street Seaport, specific gatherings were focused meant or avoidance as of a PR. These activities spoke to an endeavourer to rethink nationality focused around the ethical prerequisite that parts of this kind of gatherings have to take part properly and accordingly â€Å"gain† their municipal privileges. The battle in People's commons has been among the college and the recreation center's down-and-out populace.Given that an understudy challenge in 1969, the recreation centre had worked as an issue public freedom, exempt corporate or state management, plus an essential image of opinionated force. At that point, in 1991, the college chose to put volleybal l routs in the commons to be useful for the students plus different parts of the community; tragically, the location they decided to change over into a spare time range had been the conventional spot intended for shows and political arranging plus the spot where numerous vagrants rested.This focal territory, which incorporated the liberated visualization stage, was â€Å"a political area that supported unmediated connection,† a spot wherein vagrants could make them noticeable and listened, could assert a few public areas, and accordingly turn into an authentic piece of the public circle. The Park â€Å"gave he space to speaking to the authenticity Of vagrants inside ‘the public†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ (Mitchell, 1995). South Street Seaport in Manhattan, an exclusive business range, tries to maintain the â€Å"public relations† of its previous inhabitant, an exhibition hall, yet is intentionally restrictive.It avoids the down-and-out populace that involves the close-by reg ion somewhat by its plan yet fundamentally by the utilization of private police energy. Despite the fact that it is not expressed expressly that vagrants are not greeted, furnished police force are adequately scary vicinity to avoid them (Defiles, 1997). In L. A. Vagrants are starved of a public area as well as spots to sit-?recognized by William White as the mainly vital element for an effective public area-?public toilets, and also public consumption wellsprings (Davis, 1992).Indeed limitations on vagabonds rethink citizenship and the utilization of community territories for building relations. Nathalie Des Rosier calls attention to the incongruity of Vancouver begging local laws â€Å"in another liberal express that accentuates insignificant obstruction in private money related exchanges. † The purpose behind these confinements needs to do with the propagating of public regions ND the â€Å"ethical tensions over destitute cash, expecting that destitute use cash On liquor, tobacco, and illicit medications. By making ordinances focused around negative generalizations, we are fortifying â€Å"an elimination manifestation of nationality established in social worries regarding public areas† (Des, 2002). Stashers depicts the degree to which the industry group of â€Å"The mount,† a college locale in Boulder, were there to confine enter to a gathering of â€Å"counter-civilization early stages† subsequent to an especially rough episode. Different people attempt to take care of the issue with no incorporating the adolescent in their exchanges.The vendors had needed to benefit from the bohemian environment of the area without needing to countenance the bohemians. They endeavourer on the way to depict a piece of the public area, I. E. , the alley, to which these youngsters would have be allowed to enter and, in doing in this way, â€Å"endeavourer to make another public to which countercultures gatherings don't have a place† (Stash ers & Thompson, 1997). Contradicting to PR â€Å"both cause to be imperceptible that are excluded plus fortifies that imperceptibility through permitting those lilt-in to fondle that they compose the whole community† (Defiles, 1997).This refusal helps the expanding underestimation of the underprivileged and the dispossessed and estranges those individuals, for instance, political campaigners, who don't comply with the regulated business perfect of purchasers from inside particular focused on ways of life. Not including of specific groups is established in the presumption that they Will act in an illicit, debilitating or overall wrong way, subsequently heading out clients and restricting open doors for business.In spite of the fact that people ought to e careful regarding following up on the desire of improper direct instead of real terrible conduct, they must admire individuals' sympathy toward their safekeeping. The vicinity of positively undermining people will restrain pub lic cooperation of the more powerless parts of society, for example, ladies and the aged. Incomprehensibly, their pulling out debilitates the group, reduces personal satisfaction, and reinforces the prospective for confusion (Des, 2002).Kristin Day examines alarms ladies boast with Pros and proposes that the off-scrutinized qualities of personalized relations like shopping centre by ay of their attention on utilization, relaxation, safekeeping and restricted conduct and configuration possibly will be well thought-out as great at the time of inspecting ladies' encounters. She outlines the way the characteristics of a genuine public discussion general admittance, democratic blending amongst outsiders, and liberated trade of perspectives and data don't essentially encourage ladies' interest. Access is regularly restricted by a lady's obligations regarding home and youngsters. Blending† regularly implies men are eyewitnesses, ladies are watched; ladies are likewise debilitated fro m approaching outsiders for wellbeing reasons. What's more ladies might be constrained to direct their perspectives and conduct to adjust towards a ladylike perfect. Amusingly, of the main five â€Å"PR† ranges wherein ladies thought they had a feeling of being agreeable, the main genuine public area Was the communal library (Day, 1999). The ordinarily had a view Of the library as an issue and well thought-of spot was affirmed by Luckier with Hopkins in their investigation of significant libraries in Toronto plus Vancouver.They established that â€Å"agreed the soaring number and differing qualities of library linens consistently, no doubt both of these libraries are amongst the most secure public areas in their separate urban communities. † This penchant of wellbeing didn't rely upon vicinity of safety employees and reconnaissance cams to the degree that on the supporters themselves: â€Å"the clients have been generally policing toward oneself: they hold one another under wraps. † The public library, hence is qualified as an issue† â€Å"public space for relationship fabricating likewise (Luckier & Hopkins, 2002).Conclusion To fight the slaughter of public area and absence of urban commitment, People need to reconstruct communal agenda and re-establish the idealistic organization of Pros. A kind of approach to accomplish this is to bestow a congregation to public talk. A PR constructing by method for libraries is liberated, non-condemnatory, and out of harm. It is open nighttimes and weekends, halfway found, release to each and every group, financial foundations, political and gender introductions, and diversions. It is a genuine public area and a perfect circumstance for outflow of assorted presumptions on opinionated and societal topics.

Policy Process

Policy Process CJA 580: Public Policy Issues University of Phoenix Dr. Matthew Geyer, Faculty May 15, 2010 Policy Process Society relies on the criminal justice system to maintain order within communities and to maintain a safe environment for community members. Society expects the criminal justice system to provide justice by separating the guilty from the innocent, to incapacitate dangerous individuals, to promote deterrence to law-breaking individuals, and to rehabilitate offenders. An important expectation of the criminal justice system is to provide fair and just consequences to criminal offenders and assist the offenders with reintegrating into society. Some of the expectations of the criminal justice system are not met therefore; the purpose of this analysis is to describe methods for improving the criminal justice system to meet the expectations of society. This analysis will also provide the necessary procedures the criminal justice system could take to make these suggestions an actual policy. The current criminal justice policies are inclined to punish offenders as a method of crime control and crime prevention (American Bar Association Criminal Justice System Improvements. , n. d. ). Although punishment is necessary for many criminal offenses and criminal offenders, a punishment is not a necessity for all crimes. In many cases in which narcotic transfers are involved, the punishment of incarceration for an extended length of time is cruel and unusual. Narcotic transfers are typically considered non-violent crimes and subsequent to incarceration, the offender is continually punished because their ability to reintegrate back into society and become law-abiding, contributing members of society is hindered (American Bar Association Criminal Justice System Improvements. , n. d. ). Incarceration is not an efficient method to deter offenders from reoffending since, following incarceration, they are unable to gain successful employment because of their criminal history. Gaining successful employment s not unrealistic however; employers tend not to disregard the offender’s history therefore influencing the offender’s decision to reoffend. Many narcotic offenders do not desire to break laws; their main concern is monetary gain. Alternatives policies in regard to narcotic offenders should be implemented to assist them with reintegration, rehabilitation, and to actually deter them from reoffending. A possible policy to implement to avoid incarcerating non-violent offenders is implementing a program that assists offenders with education and seeking employment. A program of this magnitude will give offenders the opportunity to remain connected with society and will give them the opportunity to become successful members of society. The program may provide job training skills, education courses, and employers who are willing to employ individuals with a criminal history. Not only will this program benefit ex-offenders, it will also benefit the companies that hire them. The Work Opportunity Tax Credit is a federal tax credit given to companies to reduce the federal tax liability of employers to be used as an incentive for employing ex-offenders (Tax Credits, n. . ). The main objective of the policy is to provide crime control and crime prevention oppose to punishing offenders only for them to reoffend. Implementing this policy may become a challenge because of the procedures necessary to implement the policy. The first step and most important step of starting this policy is compiling a list of employers willing to hire ex-offenders. For more t han one reason, employers may believe hiring an ex-offender would be detrimental to their company. However, one of the goals of this program is to provide the skills and abilities to satisfy the employers, preventing recidivism. The second step of starting this policy is proposing the policy to policy makers. The policy will need the support of the community and the overall criminal justice system to be a success. The program can be a success providing it has the necessary resources. Profiling is an issue within the criminal justice system. Profiling, as it refers to criminal justice, includes using gender, sex, and most commonly, race to identify an individual as a suspect or possible suspect of a crime. Oftentimes, the individual is not a suspect or possible suspect and a crime may not have even been committed however, they are judged based on the above. The issue of profiling, mainly racial profiling, is because of the criminal justice system’s inability to address racial disparities. A fair criminal justice system is an expectation of society. The influence of bias and different treatment in the system should be protected against and evaluated for prosecution. Many instances occur in which an individual has been racially profiled and as a result the individual has been physically, mentally, or emotionally harmed by the incident. Disparities in processing have been seen most prominently in the area of law enforcement, with documentation of widespread racial profiling in recent years. Disparities in the criminal justice system are in part a function of the interrelationship between race and class, and reflect the disadvantages faced by low-income defendants (Mauer, n. d. ). à ¢â‚¬  Providing a mixed criminal justice system may provide society a sense of comfort if they believe the system consists of individuals similar to them. . A policy should be implemented to employ an equal number of races within the criminal justice system. There is no absolute way to ensure employing an equal number of races will decrease racial disparities however, employing different races may decrease racial profiling in communities. The policy should also include the intent to prosecute individuals if it is proven that he or she profiled resulting in some form of harm from the incident. This policy will be a challenge to implement considering there may not be any proof of any wrongdoings however, if the incident is reviewed and evaluated, prosecutors may take the necessary steps to prosecute the individual. The most important step to implement this policy would be to involve the community and policy makers. Policy makers would have to agree to approach legislation with the policy to implement a law that would decrease racial profiling. The community’s involvement is also important. Society members can assist in ensuring individuals are prosecuted for wrongdoings by reporting mistreatment to them or reporting mistreatment of others. The current criminal justice system has issues that can be addressed by implementing different policies. The two policies described above can assist in improving the operation of the criminal justice system. Implementing a policy that will allow offenders to reintegrate back into society, rehabilitate, and to deter them from reoffending will decrease the amount of individuals incarcerated and as a result possibly decrease the amount of taxes paid by taxpayers. The policy will also provide crime control and crime prevention oppose to punishing offenders only for them to reoffend. Implementing a policy that punishes criminal justice employees for profiling is another method that can assist in improving the operation of the criminal justice system. The goal of this policy is to decrease profiling by employing different races thus decreasing the possibility of profiling. References American Bar Association. (n. d. ). American Bar Association Criminal Justice System Improvements. Retrieved from American Bar Association http://www. abanet. org/poladv/transition/2008dec_crimjustice. pdf Mauer, M. (n. d). Racial Disparities and Criminal Justice. Fdch Congressional Testimony, Retrieved From Masterfile Premier Database. National H. I. R. E Network. (n. d. ). Tax Credits. Retrieved from National H. I. R. E Network http://www. hirenetwork. org/admin/clearinghouse. php? state_id=NC

Fahrenheit 451 Minitheme essays

Fahrenheit 451 Minitheme essays Some may find it, some may not find it. Are we looking for it, or is it looking for us. What really is happiness and when we find it will we be satisfied with it? In the book Fahrenheit 451 the live in a place which can be the so called perfect world to some, but to many they are not happy with who they are or where they are for example: Montag as a fireman comes home day after day, doing the same thing. Coming home and wondering about his sick wife. In a way when he meets Clarisse he finds happiness. She brings him out of his shell and into a new world, but is sent back to his dreaded perfect world after he finds out that she is dead. He then finds books, which could almost be like a key, unlocking a forbidden world, but only lead to bursting flames. Montag really doesnt find happiness until he actually has to leave the city and the so called perfect world is no more after being merely erased by bombs, giving him and others the chance to start over and do things the right way. Mildred was never really happy in the world. She continually had to take sleeping pills to make herself feel better, which only leads her not remember what went on the night before. Even with her home she wasnt happy with, she wanted a new wall, when they just got a new one very shortly before. She was a rather nervous person, you could tell when she seen the books, she didnt want to lose everything, but she made the choice to turn her husband in and lose it all. Her happiness came around the walled TVs and the visitors that came over to watch with her. Beatty seemed to love his life, his job, everything about it. When it came down to the end he wasnt happy at all. He didnt understand the meaning of the books, and when it was his turn to die, he was ready, and he new he would be happy then. Last of all happiness in a way came along with the books. Any one who had ...

Free Essays on Article Analysis Of Young Children’s Perceptions Of Time Out

Article Analysis 1 Article Analysis of Young Children’s Perceptions of Time Out Christine A. Readdick and Paula L Chapman of Florida State University do an exploratory study to find out how preschoolers, ages two, three, and four years, feel about and perceive time out. Since this is the first study that involves the preschooler’s feelings and opinions on the time out, this is an important discovery. They believe that because of the social inexperience of a preschooler, time out may be harmful to their social development. Not knowing any better, children tend to see themselves negatively, and then act out according to that negative â€Å"label†. (Readdick & Chapman, 2000) The researchers were interested in these five research questions: 1. What feelings about time out do young children express? 2. What perceptions of time out do young children express? 3. What behavioral events are resulting in preschooler children being placed in time out by their teachers? 4. What difference in feelings about time out can be identified between children who perceive themselves to be frequently in time out and those who perceive themselves to be infrequently in time out? 5. What is the correspondence of the child’s stated reason for being in time out and the observer’s view of the reason for the child being in time out? (Readdick & Chapman, 2000) With no previous knowledge of a child’s impression of time out, these answers will benefit the researchers and others in the field of child care to better understand time out the same way a child comprehends time out. Article Analysis 3 A total of 42 two-, three-, and four-year-old children took part in this study. Twenty-three were boys, and 19 were girls. They were observed in a natural setting, both indoor and outdoor classroom atmospheres, of 11 separate child care centers in a north Florida community of families. The first author composed a 17-questian interview, wh... Free Essays on Article Analysis Of Young Children’s Perceptions Of Time Out Free Essays on Article Analysis Of Young Children’s Perceptions Of Time Out Article Analysis 1 Article Analysis of Young Children’s Perceptions of Time Out Christine A. Readdick and Paula L Chapman of Florida State University do an exploratory study to find out how preschoolers, ages two, three, and four years, feel about and perceive time out. Since this is the first study that involves the preschooler’s feelings and opinions on the time out, this is an important discovery. They believe that because of the social inexperience of a preschooler, time out may be harmful to their social development. Not knowing any better, children tend to see themselves negatively, and then act out according to that negative â€Å"label†. (Readdick & Chapman, 2000) The researchers were interested in these five research questions: 1. What feelings about time out do young children express? 2. What perceptions of time out do young children express? 3. What behavioral events are resulting in preschooler children being placed in time out by their teachers? 4. What difference in feelings about time out can be identified between children who perceive themselves to be frequently in time out and those who perceive themselves to be infrequently in time out? 5. What is the correspondence of the child’s stated reason for being in time out and the observer’s view of the reason for the child being in time out? (Readdick & Chapman, 2000) With no previous knowledge of a child’s impression of time out, these answers will benefit the researchers and others in the field of child care to better understand time out the same way a child comprehends time out. Article Analysis 3 A total of 42 two-, three-, and four-year-old children took part in this study. Twenty-three were boys, and 19 were girls. They were observed in a natural setting, both indoor and outdoor classroom atmospheres, of 11 separate child care centers in a north Florida community of families. The first author composed a 17-questian interview, wh...

Calculate Root Mean Square Velocity of Gas Particles

Calculate Root Mean Square Velocity of Gas Particles This example problem demonstrates how to calculate the root mean square velocity of particles in an ideal gas. This value is the square root of the average velocity-squared of molecules in a gas. While the value is an approximation, especially for real gases, it offers useful information when studying kinetic theory. Root Mean Square Velocity Problem What is the average velocity or root mean square velocity of a molecule in a sample of oxygen at 0  °C? Solution Gases consist of atoms or molecules that move at different speeds in random directions. The root means square velocity (RMS velocity) is a way to find a single velocity value for the particles.  The average velocity of gas particles is found using the root mean square velocity formulaÃŽ ¼rms (3RT/M) ½whereÃŽ ¼rms root mean square velocity in m/secR ideal gas constant 8.3145 (kg ·m2/sec2)/K ·molT absolute temperature in KelvinM mass of a mole of the gas in kilograms. Really, the RMS calculation gives you root mean square speed, not velocity. This is because velocity is a vector quantity, which has  magnitude and direction. The RMS calculation only gives the magnitude or speed.The temperature must be converted to Kelvin and the molar mass must be found in kg to complete this problem. Step 1 Find the absolute temperature using the Celsius to Kelvin conversion formula:T  °C 273T 0 273T 273 K Step 2 Find molar mass in kg:From the periodic table, the molar mass of oxygen 16 g/mol.Oxygen gas (O2) is comprised of two oxygen atoms bonded together. Therefore:molar mass of O2 2 x 16molar mass of O2 32 g/molConvert this to kg/mol:molar mass of O2 32 g/mol x 1 kg/1000 gmolar mass of O2 3.2 x 10-2 kg/mol Step 3 Find ÃŽ ¼rmsÃŽ ¼rms (3RT/M) ½ÃŽ ¼rms [3(8.3145 (kg ·m2/sec2)/K ·mol)(273 K)/3.2 x 10-2 kg/mol] ½ÃŽ ¼rms (2.128 x 105 m2/sec2) ½ÃŽ ¼rms 461 m/sec Answer The average velocity or root mean square velocity of a molecule in a sample of oxygen at 0  °C is 461 m/sec.

Southeast Asia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Southeast Asia - Essay Example Tourist travel several miles to come and enjoy the culture in Africa and Asia, this evidenced the appreciation of culture diversity. Regardless of insecurity in some parts of Africa and Asia, European tourist still tour. If civilization was to clash, the westerners would not be interested in the culture of other nations. Huntington observes the position of the west to various combat in the world and claims there are instances of favoritism and use it as a reason for the possibility of a clashing civilization. It might be true, but still friends still become enemies and end up being friends again. This is the case with fighting nations it is only a matter of national interest and once sorted things will be back to normal. Civilization cannot be hampered by few nations that are not in peace with each other. If a majority of the world is ready to coexist, civilization is on track and its benefit will be enjoyed in perpetuity. As I end my argument, it will be wise for Huntington to revise his

Financial system Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Financial system - Essay Example Financial instruments are paper documents. Yet just as a surgeon uses instruments as financial instruments to undertake crucial exchanges of financial resources. They also can use financial instruments to help reduce the risks of financial loss. There are two basic ways to categorise financial markets. One, which distinguishes between primary or secondary markets, separates types of financial markets depending upon whether or not they are markets for newly issued instruments. The other, which distinguishes between capital and money markets, defines financial markets on the basis of the instrument maturities. The maturity of an instrument is the time ranging from the date of issue until final principal and interest payments are due to the holders of the instruments. Maturities of less than a year are short-term maturities, while maturities in excess of ten years are long-term maturities. Maturities ranging from one to ten years are intermediate-term maturities. Institutions that serve as the middlemen in this process of financing are financial intermediaries. These intermediaries exist solely to take the funds of savers and redistribute those funds to the ultimate borrowers. When individual savers allocate some of their saving to a business by purchasing a corporate bond, they effectively make a direct loan to the business. That is, they assist in the direct finance of the capital investment that the business desires to undertake. But the process of financing such endeavours is not always so direct. Consider, for instance, what may happen if the server also purchases a long-term time deposit issue by a banking firm. The bank, turn, may use these funds, together with those of other deposit holders to buy corporate bonds issued by the same business. In this instance, the saver has indirectly financed business capital investment. The bank, in turn, has intermediated the financing of the investment. There are two types of finance Direct finance Indirect finance In the case of direct finance, a financial intermediary such as a bank plays no role. A saver lends directly to parties who undertake investment. Under indirect finance, however, some other institution channels the funds of savers to those who wish to make capital investments. This latter process of indirect finance, which is the most common way in which funds are channelled from saving to investment, is financial intermediation. There are two groups, which comprise market: 1) Involved: These are the people who are the market participants of economic theory. They have all the knowledge regarding financial assets portfolio. 2) Uninvolved: these are the people with limited knowledge. The usually don't have information about the nature of financial claims and fair market value. The financial intermediaries help these people by providing services in shape of information. By investing on their behalf. This reduced the perceived cost of transaction due to the lack of information. Most of the household consumers partly participate in the market. (Allen & Santomero, 1998). Benefits of

Network Security Ph.D. Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 8500 words

Network Security Ph.D. - Essay Example The weekly assignment, which covered various security-related topics, necessitated that we, as students, research the assigned topics, engaged with the material and, importantly, explore the multi-dimensional nature of network security. Added to that, weekly feedback on assignments offered us a clear indication of the topics which we could handle well and those which we could not. Following a review of the weekly assignments and the identification of the topics which I could write a good extended research on, I decided that threat identification and confrontation was an interesting topic. It was, however, too general and accordingly, I sought the advice of our Chief information Security Officer who directed me towards state of the art threat identification and mitigation technologies as a possible topic. The primary aim of this research is the examination of the technologies currently employed for the detection of a worm attack and its subsequent negation. Through this examination, the research will illustrate that by taking existing honeypot technologies and using them to populate unused IP space on a network, a honeywall could use these honeypots as sensors to detect and respond to unauthorized traffic. In order to respond to the research question, an in-depth investigative exploration of the network attacks and the technologies for dealing with them was conducted. The research was limited to secondary data and all sources were checked for credibility. Part II: Background 2.0 Introduction An understanding of the nature and types of attacks seen on the network is established first. Following the classification of attacks, a profile of an attacker is presented to provide a more substantial example of network intrusions. A discussion of firewalls, intrusion detection, and honeypots is provided to complete the background information. 2.1 Network Activity Lyle (1997) posits that most attacks fall within one of three main categories: attacks on integrity, attacks on confidentiality or attacks on availability. The act of maintaining the integrity of a network is the act of preventing authorized users of the system from making changes beyond their authority, and to prevent unauthorized persons from making changes at all. If the integrity of a

Survey Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Survey - Essay Example If you have any question please do not hesitate to contact me on email: Briefly explain your answer:†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Briefly explain your answer:†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Briefly explain your answer:†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Briefly explain your

Choose any topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Choose any topic - Essay Example The Athenians had strong perceptions and assumptions of the status quo. Aristophanes in the play, therefore, means that there was need for change of the status quo. The sophists acted and talked in a manner that made others feel rejected and of little knowledge about philosophy. It is in this respect that Aristophanes details this as the main point through the whole play. Interestingly, he does this through satire and a little bit of comedy. This paper seeks to review the play by mentioning how the main them is projected and how Aristophanes developed a different type of play from his fellow classical writers. In the play, Aristophanes introduces the topic of a new type of education from the old style procedures. He criticizes the already existing reforms in the traditional sophist way of life. The play therefore presents itself as a satirical comedy that analyzes the philosophies and ideas of the sophists in a funny way. Aristophanes describes Socrates as the leading figure in this existing sophist movement. Socrates is known to have taken after Plato in his teachings. Although this play was surely for comedy purposes, it gives a clear critique of Socrates accounts as a synchronization of Plato’s work. The play, however, cannot be used a historical account of understanding Socrates and Plato’s work on philosophy. The play also gives Socrates a different title as the corrupter of the youths among the Athenians. In the play, Aristophanes details a life of a father and son who recently accrued too much date due to the son’s obsession with a new hobby of horseracing. Aristophanes discusses the unjust argument as a trick taught in school by the sophists. The son studies in a school, which Aristophanes describes it as â€Å"thinkery† (Aristophanes & Peter 62). In literary discussion, Aristophanes uses a style of persuasion that leads a reader into a different perspective even though there might be strong morals

The role of personnal selling in KFC Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The role of personnal selling in KFC - Essay Example KFC came to Singapore in 1977 with its first outlet on Somerset Road. It took the firm 30 years, to establish over 70 outlets which signify the popularity of the chain (KFC 2009). KFCs menu includes Original Recipe chicken – having the same exuberating recipe Colonel Harland Sanders created more than a half-century ago. Customers around the world also enjoy a variety of more than 300 other products – like the Shrooms Burger in Singapore (KFC 2009). KFC Singapore’s performance in 2007 was at its peak. The sales climbed 3.0% to RM280.2 million from RM272.0 million in 2006; while profit before tax augmented 12.3% to RM10.1 million from RM9.0 million the year before (QSRbrands 2007). KFC Singapore attained these record sales with their varied deals throughout the year year. In March, KFC Singapore used its energetic 30th Anniversary media campaign to introduce the new KFC logo, uniform and packing. KFC Singapore also coupled this with their toasted range with Cheesy BBQ Meltz in April the same year. By the end of the year, KFC Singapore had 69 stores, with four new restaurants, five repositioned and eight closures (QSRbrands 2007). But due to the global crunch, sales are declining overall. New ideas and menu items are needed at for the business to keep up with its performance in 2007 (Uniquely Singapore 2009). Moreover cost effective methods of marketing products have to be utilized like personal selling to boost the sales graph which is now taking a downward trend. Technology -Technology plays an eminent role in the growth of an economy. Singapore has the largest and most IT-savvy Port in the world which enables businesses to have efficiency in the supply chain (Field 2002). The country has a very sophisticated telecommunications infrastructure which gives the opportunity to reach new customers and keep a closer check on their preferences (Field 2002). Economic - Singapore is considered as one of the best economies for

Choose any topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Choose any topic - Essay Example The Athenians had strong perceptions and assumptions of the status quo. Aristophanes in the play, therefore, means that there was need for change of the status quo. The sophists acted and talked in a manner that made others feel rejected and of little knowledge about philosophy. It is in this respect that Aristophanes details this as the main point through the whole play. Interestingly, he does this through satire and a little bit of comedy. This paper seeks to review the play by mentioning how the main them is projected and how Aristophanes developed a different type of play from his fellow classical writers. In the play, Aristophanes introduces the topic of a new type of education from the old style procedures. He criticizes the already existing reforms in the traditional sophist way of life. The play therefore presents itself as a satirical comedy that analyzes the philosophies and ideas of the sophists in a funny way. Aristophanes describes Socrates as the leading figure in this existing sophist movement. Socrates is known to have taken after Plato in his teachings. Although this play was surely for comedy purposes, it gives a clear critique of Socrates accounts as a synchronization of Plato’s work. The play, however, cannot be used a historical account of understanding Socrates and Plato’s work on philosophy. The play also gives Socrates a different title as the corrupter of the youths among the Athenians. In the play, Aristophanes details a life of a father and son who recently accrued too much date due to the son’s obsession with a new hobby of horseracing. Aristophanes discusses the unjust argument as a trick taught in school by the sophists. The son studies in a school, which Aristophanes describes it as â€Å"thinkery† (Aristophanes & Peter 62). In literary discussion, Aristophanes uses a style of persuasion that leads a reader into a different perspective even though there might be strong morals

Big paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Big paper - Essay Example In line with this, economic factors outline the economic determinants of the community thus; it defines what the communities entail in order to successfully conquer economic hurdles that the community may face. Moreover, technological aspects outline the intellect that the community influences towards production of merchandise, weapons for protection and many others. The Han Dynasty and the Ancient Rome depict the above-mentioned facts. The two communities show the above aspects and successfully interpret these aspects to ensure the triumph in the end. Owing to the sheer nature of the above justifications, this literature seeks to outline the political, social aspects regarding to marriage and the technological development. This is in relation to the Han Dynasty and the Ancient Rome and therefore, compares the two communities in order to define their relevance. The historic background Han Dynasty After the end of the civil hostilities that followed with the death of Qin Shihuangdi in 210 B.C. The end of the civic war reunited China underneath the decree of the Han dynasty. As a result, it separated into two key periods: the Former or Western Han amid the 206 B.C.–9 A.D era and the Eastern or Later or Eastern Han in periods of 25–220 A.D. The Qin established the boundaries and Han maintained the boundaries. Consequently the above structure presently defines supplementary or less the state of China. Moreover, the Former Han city, Chang'an lies in contemporary day Shaanxi Province. Besides, a monumental metropolitan center placed out on a north-south federation with palaces, two busy market capacities and suburban wards depicted one of the twofold prevalent cities in the antique world (Yao, 57). Ancient Rome Contrary, Ancient Rome depicted an Italic mode of civilization that arose on the Italian Peninsula as timely period of the 8th century B.C. It lies alongside the Mediterranean Sea and positioned on the capital of Rome. Moreover, it stretched to a ppear to be one of the leading kingdoms in the primordial world with a projected population of 50 to 90 million (approximately 20% of the population of the world), and it lies on a 6.5 million square kilometers ground for the period of its height amid the leading and succeeding centuries AD. Besides, the city of Rome developed from settlements nearby a passage on the river Tiber, an intersection of trade and traffic activities. Conferring to archaeological substantiation, the city of Rome perhaps came around the period of the 8th century BC. However, it may date back to the 10th century BC, by adherents of the Italy tribe of the Latin, which occupied the uppermost of the Palatine Hill. The Etruscans, who had formerly occupied the north part of Etruria, organized a political mechanism in the above province before the 7th century BC. Thus, establishing the monarchical and aristocratic elite. The Etruscans seemingly lost authority in the region before the 6th century BC. At this junctu re, the Sabine the original Latin tribes restructured their regime by forming a republic, that had greater limitations on the capability of head of state to exercise authority (Burgan, 121) Political organization The Han Dynasty portrayed a centralized structure of the government. The Han Empire comprised of two regions unswervingly controlled by the government. The two areas included the commentaries, and some semi-independent empires.

Kraft Foods: Strategic Business Plan

Kraft Foods: Strategic Business Plan Introduction This business report aims to discuss an example global organization, wherein the Kraft Foods Company (KFC) was used here. Topics were discussed on responses on the 2009 challenge of an external market assessment as an aspect of organization management and the evaluation of the SWOT analysis technique as an existing business strategy, consumer sector data and market share of revenues. Its chairman and CEO, Irene Rosenfeld, said: Weve had a very solid start to the year, and were on track to deliver our 2009 commitments. Our business momentum remains strong despite a challenging consumer environment. We are intensely focused on investing our cost savings to build our core brands, improve our product mix and drive superior retail execution. This will further enhance our profit margins and improve market shares as the year unfolds. Being an already flourishing food maker of the industry, KFC still aims deliver its commitments in full blast, with a head strong business momentum, using business strategies on investing cost savings to be able to continue making its set of core brands, enhance its product mix and maintain a world wide reputation in excellence as a retail manufacturer. It also ensures that its investments adds profit margins and instigate productive market shares in the next years to come with a timely full-year tax rate. Lastly, KFC has confidence in achieving its goals with a very good net revenue growth of approximately. Such performance never fails to frustrate us and other competitors as well in the food industry. Literature Review 1. Kraft Foods Company Background Kraft Foods Company (KFC) currently produces delicious foods across 150 countries. It has 103,000 employees in hand. Product brands ranges from American brand icons like Kraft cheeses, dinners and dressings, Maxwell House coffees and Oscar Mayer meats, to global powerhouse brands like Oreo and LU biscuits, Philadelphia cream cheeses, Jacobs and Carte Noire coffees, Tang powdered beverages and Milka, CÃ ´te dOr, Lacta and Toblerone chocolates. Now, it is the worlds second largest food company in generating annual revenues of $42 billion. Also, the company is an affiliation of the Dow Jones Industrial Average, Standard Poors 500, the Dow Jones Sustainability Index and the Ethibel Sustainability Index (Kraft Foods Company, 2009.) Kraft was founded in 1903 by James L. Kraft, with starting only as a cheese delivery service. It was transferred to Krafts brothers Charles, Fred, John, and Norman, during its down times. They named it incorporated as J.L. Kraft Brothers in 1909. It then again changed the name to Kraft Cheese Co. back in 1924. With a follow suit trend in per se, there were turn abouts of Kraft Foods Co. in 1945, Kraftco Corporation in 1969, and Kraft Inc. in 1976. It also merged with Dart Industries in 1980 and again change the name to Dart Kraft, but got forgotten in 1986, where it is again Kraft Inc. From then, it was bought by Philip Morris (now is Altria) in 1988. It also absorbed competitors General Foods and Nabisco. Finally in 2007, Altria managed Kraft Foods. During its long business run in the industry, a couple of celebrity endorsements were done to promote its products. There were Bill Cosby (a comedian), Michelle Kwan (a champion figure skater), Lindsay Lohan (Hollywood actress) and Joe Montana (a football star) (NNDB, 2009.) 2. The Business Vision and Mission KFC slogan is Make today delicious Thats our higher purpose. At Kraft Foods, delicious is our difference. Its products are trusted during That first cup of coffee in the morning. A tasty low-fat snack. A nourishing meal on a budget. An indulgent treat. These are KFCs vision and mission (Kraft Foods Company, 2009.) Company objectives revolves around perspectives rewriting the organization for growth, reframe categories, exploit our sales capabilities, drive down costs without compromising quality and strategies growth. With goal of achieving the new Kraft = growth (KFC, 2009.) It aims to meet responsibilities as a public company and promote that being a global citizen is the right thing to do and what is right for its business. They transforming the brands that consumers have lived with for years into new brands they will love. Its corporate responsibility indexes are the Dow Jones Industrial Average, Dow Jones Sustainability Index and 2006-2008 Ethibel Sustainability Index. Last September 12, 2008, it started the mission program The Lunchables Team and First Book Launch the Million Page Mission and Help Children Receive Much-Needed Books (KFC, 2009.) Discussion The External Market Assessment KFC runs under the food industry, with a stock market ticker of NYSE:KFT. Its headquarters is located at Northfield, IL (NNDB, 2009.) Finances of KFC, as of 2008, are (in millions, except per share data) Net revenues $37,241 8.4%, Operating income 4,331 (4.2%), Net earnings 2,590 (15.4%) and Diluted earnings per share 1.62 (12.4%) (KFC, 2009.) Its external market share now is a percentage of more than 99% of U.S. households. The international market sells its leading brands, which are almost all of KFC products. It has 9 brands with revenues greater than $1 billion and 50+ additional brands garner revenues beyond $100 million. To this, about an exceeding number from 40 of KFC brands have an age life of 100+ years old. The billion dollar brands include: Kraft, Jacobs, LU, Maxwell House, Milka, Nabisco and its Oreo brand, Philadelphia, and Oscar Mayer With an estimate figure of 103,000 employees worldwide, it has 180+ manufacturing and processing facilities across countries. With the consumer statistics of millions times a day, computed in an account of 150+ countries, these persons eat their favorite Kraft brands. It is also a member of the Dow Jones Sustainability Index. The figure 1 below is the market share of revenues in each type of KFC Brands as of 2007 (KFC, 2009.) Figure 1. KFC Market Share of Revenues 2007 (KFC, 2009) Existing Business Strategy KFCs follows SWOT analysis technique for its existing business strategy. To start with Strategy is the practice of settling on placing the organization in its competitive environment righty, with the goal to achieve and sustain competitive advantage as well as profitably. It is the onion skin approach in business, wherein each layer of skin must be peeled off and studied on prior to the core Strategic Business Unit (SBU) element is arrived at (Elkin, 1998.) The SWOT analysis is an extensively used philosophy framework for classifying an organizations strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. SWOT entitles key factors to be apparently documented as a high level summary of a business (or personal) circumstance. Defining it is a summary which is simple but powerful; its system is generally used by consultants to certificate the key factors that should derived from the examination of a particular project or business. Moreover, SWOT allows an investigation to be conducted on the whole perspective view of internal as well as external conditions of a business and the plans in which it is surging on, from the means of knowing its current Strengths and Weaknesses. An added aspect is the allowed ability of a judgment on external business environment, which can greatly influence the performance. SWOT technique aids in putting in to comprehensible explanations of strategic choices, in order to have clear executive decisions that are to be a ssessed and identified. Lastly, it compares existing and potential future traits of the organization and supports evaluation of the consequences from alternative actions (Elkin, 1998.) Recommendations Experts Advise During the press release of Kraft Foods Q1 2009 Earnings Report in May 5, 2009. Irene Rosenfeld, its chairman and CEO, said: Weve had a very solid start to the year, and were on track to deliver our 2009 commitments. Our business momentum remains strong despite a challenging consumer environment. We are intensely focused on investing our cost savings to build our core brands, improve our product mix and drive superior retail execution. This will further enhance our profit margins and improve market shares as the year unfolds (KFC, 2009.) She further advised the KFC group on a solid drive in gaining heightened profits from operations. In the previous year, there was a drive for cost-driven pricing actions, which yielded organic net revenue growth and an exceeding expectation of a better-than-expected volume/mix number of sales. She also advised that the business segments drive for operating gains across the globe should be focused on operating income growth, margin expansion and higher earnings per share (KFC, 2009.) This years forward-looking statements are reaffirmed 2009 GAAP EPS guidance; that KFC is on track to deliver 2009 commitments; that business momentum will be strong; that it is greatly focused on investing cost savings to formulate core brands, enhance product mix and execute excellent retail execution; that the investments adds profit margins and induce fruitful market shares as the year unfolds; timely full-year tax rate; and gain confidence in achieving 2009 organic net revenue growth of approximately 3 percent (KFC, 2009.) Implications It is advisable to used the environmental mapping as a new business strategic plan as an improvement from KFCs current SWOT analysis technique. It is a kind of technique which is aimed to define the key characteristics of the environment in relation from where the business operates. It presents the `backcloth formula that will make visible the future strategies and plans. Its model consists of four areas of focus. Advised action under this kind of strategy is to separately map the varied environments where the diverse countries of the company operate. How should KFC apply environmental mapping into their company business process? Necessary information and records should be based from the senior management of the business from their own accounts knowledge and experience. During cases this is not possible, external knowledge should be consulted from sources to supplement the present management needs. The mapping defines general pressures and conflicts which encircle the industry wherein the business operates, main conditions of environmental group, and matters that are prevailing and are plausible to bring to bear the most difficulty or authority on the upcoming direction and prospects of KFC. This is normally accomplished by using H/M/L (High/Medium/Low) tagging of every factor (Elkin, 1998). In writing and formulating an environmental mapping for KFC, these questions should be asked and answered: What are the characteristics of the environment(s) in which the business operates?, How are the key factors changing? and What will be t he impact on future strategic choices? Conclusion In conclusion, Kraft Foods Company (KFC) has shown exemplary performance in the year 2009 being an example global organization. Its external market assessment has a gradual uprising line, which basing from the theories of organization management and the evaluation of its SWOT analysis technique proves that KFC uses an effective existing business strategy, generates high consumer sector data and earns more market share of revenues than any brands in the market. Basing on the consumer sector data and market share of revenues feedback on the current performances indicators of KFC, there is a definite positive satisfaction gained from its range of products. With patterns from a strategic business plan, it is able to handle functions to promote their views, handle communications and even handle a global environmental concern. It is very sensible to use the environmental mapping as a business growth from KFCs usual technique of using a SWOT analysis. Not only does it endow consumers with healthy products, it is also a new strategic business plan that shows mature key characteristics of an organizational awareness for the environment for the present and future. This way in improving business performance can also determine general pressures and conflicts to deal with aside from catering to a global concern that allows main conditions of environmental group to work together with the present matters on the continued success of KFC.

The Traditional Interpretation Refuted :: Philosophy Literature Papers

The Traditional Interpretation Refuted The psychology of Aristotle has never been understood in a historically correct way. A new interpretation of the De anima will be proposed in which this work can be seen as compatible with the psychology that can be reconstructed from the fragments of Aristotle's lost dialogues and the De motu animalium and other biological works (in which the notions of pneuma and 'vital heat' play a crucial role) and the doxographical data gathered from ancient writers besides the commentators. In De anima, II, 412b5, where psychà ¨ is defined as 'the first entelecheia of a natural body that is organikon,' the words 'natural body' should not be taken to mean 'the body of a living plant, animal or human being' but to stand for 'elementary body.' And the qualification 'organikon' should not be understood as 'equipped with organs' (as it always has) but in the sense of 'serving as an instrument to the soul.' This 'instrumental body' that is inseparably connected with the soul is the seat of desire (o rexis), which physically influences the parts of the visible body. Besides those two corrections there are the words ta merà ¨ in 412b18 that should be taken as meaning not 'parts of the body' but 'parts of the soul.' Aristotle is arguing there that even those parts of the soul that are not yet actualized in the embryo of a new living being can be said to be 'not without body.' Do we really know Aristotle's psychology? This question may sound strange at first, since we have a famous book by Aristotle which is called On the soul and we possess quite a bit of information about a lost dialogue, the Eudemus, which was also subtitled On the soul. Yet I propose to argue that Aristotle's psychology has remained unknown up till now. And this is because since the third century AD the text of his extant work De anima has been interpreted in a way that runs completely counter to Aristotle's intentions. What has been held to be Aristotle's psychology is the result of the interpretation of his work put forward by Alexander of Aphrodisias in the third century AD.(1) The situation is comparable with the imaginary situation that Plato's oeuvre had been lost except for his Parmenides and that we only possessed the information of Plotinus for a reconstruction of Plato's thought. To make a convincing case for this revolutionary theory, I will argue three propositions.

Anxiety and Athletic Perfomance Essays -- Athletics Athletes Sports An

Anxiety and Athletic Performance Introduction Athletes today need to be able to cope with the anxiety and pressure that is placed on them in the competitive world of sports. A large deal of research has been done on examining the relationship between anxiety and performance within the field of athletics. This paper is going to show that the mind in an athlete has a lot to do with the result of the particular event. In order to show that anxiety in athletes is a significant problem this paper is going to be set up in three different areas in order to explain exactly how anxiety affects the athlete. The first section of the paper is going to explain the history and terminology on the study of anxiety in athletes. Next, this paper will show the results of numerous testing that has gone on in order to see the effects of anxiety in athletes. And the third and final section of this paper is going to explain what treatments that can help the athlete cope with the anxiety issues. History and Terminology   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The reasons that previous research on this subject has been hard to synthesize is because of numerous reasons, those including ‘methodological flaws’ such as lack of clear definitions and also lack of clear ‘theoretical construct.’ In the following section terms will be established for words that will be throughout this paper. Also, this section will provide an overview of theories that have been used to clarify the relationship between anxiety and performance in athletes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Edward’s and Hardy’s opinion the main problem that research on the relationship between anxiety and performance has encountered is that researchers have not defined all the specific terminology that is required to understand with this subject. The following operational definitions will be used for the terms anxiety and stress. â€Å"Stress is a state that results from the demands that are placed on the individual which require that person to engage in some coping behavior.† Arousal is going to be considered to be a signal to the athlete that he/ she has entered into a stressful situation and is characterized buy physiological signs. Anxiety results from the athlete’s perception that he/ she is not good enough for the particular situation, which will cause stress (Edward and Hardy).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An early model that attempted to explain the relationship between arousal and performan... ...athletes. And because of the obvious problems with anxiety there have been a few key ways that show how treatment helps athletes out. So in final, after years of research on the effects of anxiety and treatment it is imperative that athletes get help from a professional in order to obtain maximum performance. Bibliography Bird, Anne Marie and Horn, Melanie. â€Å"Cognitive Anxiety and Mental Errors in Sport.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 12.3 (Sept 1990): 217-222 Edwards, Tara and Hardy, Lew. â€Å"The Interactive Effects of Intensity and Direction of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cognitive and Somatic Anxiety and Self- Confidence Upon Performance.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology18.4 (Sept 1996): 296-312 Ferraro, Tom. A Psychoanalytic Perspective on Anxiety in Athletes. April 2002. Athletic   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Insight: Online Journal of Sports Psychology. 29 May 2002 http://www.athleticinsight.com.vol1iss2/Psychoanalytic_Anxiety.htm Stress Management: Behavioral Psychotherapy for Performance Enhancement. (no   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  updated date). Penn State University Division of Sport Psychology. 29 May   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2002 < http://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/s/m/sms18/kines321/stress.html>.

American Islam Female Converts Essay

Islam is the world’s fastest growing religion by number of conversions each year. Despite’s Islam beginnings in Arabia, today more than 80% of all Muslim believers life outside the Arab world (Records, 2009). Surprisingly, many of this new converts are women who despite Islam’s numerous female restrictions, many have affirmed a new found joy and harmony in their lives. Islam laws for women are seen by many as coercive because they regulate important aspects of women’s life such as clothing, social relationships, marriage, divorce, inheritance, etc. I would be examining the different reasons why this western women converts decided to make such a radical change to their lives. To achieve my goal successfully I would like to use various qualitative and quantitative methods to identify eligible individuals to interrogate further and to measure multiple variables that might be interconnected. I will be examining different factors such as age, education, time living in the US, time they have been a Muslim, marital status, religion of their significant other, religion of their parents, and degree of religiosity while growing up. Many of these new converts are fellow Americans who have found multiple benefits practicing their new religion. I therefore think my research is important because it portrays what Islam teacher and has to offer to its believers from people that we can easily relate to. Literature review Many people claim that Muslim women are restricted by their religion because of the immense amount of rules that it is imposed to them. One particular research conducted by Zaidi and Shuraydi (2002: 507) interviewed 20 Pakistani women in the United States in an attempt to study the different perceptions of arranged marriage among women living in western society. The study concluded that â€Å"Muslim feminist have to cope with a prevalent double standard governing the behavior of males and females†. This means that while the Koran claims that men and women are the same, in reality they are treated with fewer privileges than men. To support their claim they presented that while women are prohibited from courting potential mates, men are given tacit approval. Despite the many claims against Islam, new women converts often argue that the Islamic religion and the Arab culture are sometimes confused. Researchers Maslim and Bjorck (2009: 98) claim that many times â€Å"the culture rules try to oppress women while the religion in turn promotes positive cultural views of gender roles and ethnic diversity†. Their research mainly focused on the reasons why so many women were switching to Islam. To study this topic, the authors to contact the editors of a North American Magazine to get the sample group and then posted an online surveys that the participants could answer. The results showed that while there are a variety of reasons why women switch their religion to Islam, the most common ones included dissatisfaction with their previous faith, marriage requirement, and because of Islam’s significance and meaning. To understand further their point of view we have to compare Islam to other religion practices at the time Islam was instituted. One study performed by J Sechze (2004, 263-274) tried to evaluate different religious practices against women at the time Islam was created. The research found that many practices such as female infanticide, traditionally common in Christian communities, was ruled out when Islam was implemented. Additionally, it is suggested that polygamy was instituted in Islam to protect Muslim widows, whose husbands were killed during wars. This historical comparison makes us understand that Islam does support some feminist principals that lacked in other religions at the time. Methodology My study will use a quantitative and a qualitative method to gather the data necessary to answer the research question presented on the introduction part. I have organized a short ten question essay that will allow me to collect quantitative information. The survey will ask for variables age, education level, time living in the US, time they have been a Muslim, marital status, religion of their significant other, religion of their parents, and degree of religiosity while growing up. All of these questions will try to find different correlations among the different variables that might be important to consider when creating interview questions. The interview will be based of the survey taken by the individuals here. The idea is to contact people that took the survey that might be interested on meeting with the researcher and let us learn more about them. Interview will hopefully provide insight information about the survey answers that will further help us identify patterns that might answer why they switch to Islam. The interview place will be up to the participant, they will sign release paperwork and the interview will be recorded for further analysis. I would like to base my research question entirely on the survey correlations and therefore I do not have the interview questions pre- prepared. However, I will provide a list of possible interview questions that will be pose to change with the survey answers. Conclusion This paper is a proposed research study of the different reasons why western non –Muslim born women change their religion to Islam in their adulthood years. This is a fairly controversial topic since many people see Islam as oppressive to women because of its countless provisions regarding women’s clothing, marriage and other social affairs. While many previous researches support this notion and further give evidence of Islam women having to live in a double standard, other numerous studies suggest that Islam religion does not support such a thing and instead argue that it actually protects women that have help many women find faith and peace in their lives. To be able to conduct my study I will be using surveys and interviews that will provide me with quantitative and qualitative data to analyses and further interpret.